FEDERALISM

Federalism is a System of government that separates the power between
central government and regional government of the country.

Indian Federalism

Federation sui generis

Federal Features

• Dual polity
• Division of Powers
• Written Constitution
• Supremacy of the Constitution
• Independent judiciary
• Bicameral legislation
• Rigidity of federal provisions in Constitution

Unitary Features

• Division of power is not equal (Subjects, Residuary powers, Fiscal
  powers)
• Central control over states (State List, Appointment of Governor,
  Fiscal powers)
• Single Constitution
• The constitution is more flexible than rigid
• Single Citizenship
• Common machinery (elections, audit etc.)
• Parliament does not represent the states equally
• Unified judiciary
• Emergency provisions
• All India Services
• Destructible states
• Weak Rajya Sabha

Cooperative Federalism

• Concurrent List
• All India Services
• DPSPs
• Immunity of Instrumentality
• No division of public services
• Duty of centre to protect states (Art 355)

Asymmetric Federalism

• Representation in RS
• Special Category States
• Schedule V & VI areas in certain states
• Uneven fiscal devolution amongst states
• Creation and administration of UTs

Competitive Federalism

• NITI Aayog
• Freedom to plan its expenditure based on its priorities.
• Various Rankings released by Ministries/organisations.